Learned optimizers are algorithms that can be trained to solve optimization problems. Although learned optimizers can outperform baseline optimizers in restricted settings, the ML research community understands remarkably little about their inner workings or why they work as well as they do. In a paper currently under review for ICLR 2021, a Google Brain research team attempts to shed some light on the matter.
The researchers explain that optimization algorithms can be considered the basis of modern machine learning. A popular research area in recent years has focused on learning optimization algorithms by directly parameterizing and training an optimizer on a distribution of tasks.
Research on learned optimizers aims to replace the baseline “hand-designed” optimizers with a parametric optimizer trained on a set of tasks, which can then be applied more generally. In contrast to baseline optimizers that use simple update rules derived from theoretical principles, learned optimizers use flexible, high-dimensional, nonlinear parameterizations.
Although previous research efforts have improved the design, training, and performance of learned optimizers, researchers still lack a fundamental understanding of how these systems work. Are learned optimizers simply learning a clever combination of known techniques? Or do they learn fundamentally new behaviours that have not yet been proposed in the optimization literature?
The Google researchers say that understanding the underlying mechanisms of learned optimizers will enable identifying their operational flaws while also deepening our insight into why key ML mechanisms work and how to improve them.
The team developed tools for isolating and elucidating mechanisms in nonlinear, high dimensional learned optimization algorithms to demonstrate how learned optimizers utilize both known and novel techniques across different tasks. They say their research is heavily inspired by recent work using neural networks to parameterize optimizers and on recent studies on reverse engineering dynamical systems.
An optimizer has two parts: the optimizer state that stores information about the current problem and readout weights that update parameters given the current state. The researchers focused on first-order optimizers or component-wise optimizers that are applied to each parameter or component of a problem in parallel.
Learned optimizers have high-dimensional state variables and the potential for rich, nonlinear dynamics in learning complex behaviours. This has historically made it difficult to extract simple, intuitive descriptions for their behaviours. To get a handle on what different optimizers are doing, the researchers started with a simple visualization tool. The method treated the behaviour of optimizers as dynamical systems. To examine a given learned optimizer’s dynamics, the researchers approximated the nonlinear dynamical system via linearized approximations.
The researchers then trained the learned optimizers on three disparate, fast-to-train tasks: random linear regression problems; minimizing the Rosenbrock function, a commonly used test function for optimization; and training a neural network to classify a toy dataset. They also tuned baseline optimizers for each task.
Across all three tasks, the learned optimizer outperformed the baseline optimizers on the meta-objective. The researchers further identified four mechanisms in the learned optimizers which they believe led to the superior performance: momentum, gradient clipping, learning rate schedules, and a new form of learning rate adaptation.
“The methods we have developed should be part of a growing toolbox we can use to extract insight from the high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of learned optimizers, and meta-learned algorithms more generally,” the researchers conclude. The teams says although they have isolated individual mechanisms, developing “a holistic picture of how a learned optimizer stitches these mechanisms together” will have to be addressed in future studies.
The paper Reverse Engineering Learned Optimizers Reveals Known and Novel Mechanisms is on arXiv.
Reporter: Yuan Yuan ｜ Editor: Michael Sarazen
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