Andres, B., Clark, J. & Xu, X. The earliest pterodactyloid and the origin of the group. Curr. Biol. 24, 1011–1016 (2014).
Williams, T. M. The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 354, 193–201 (1999).
Alexander, R. M. One price to run, swim or fly? Nature 397, 651–653 (1999).
Naish, D. & Witton, M. P. Neck biomechanics indicate that giant Transylvanian azhdarchid pterosaurs were short-necked arch predators. PeerJ 5, e2908 (2017).
Hwang, K.-G., Huh, M., Lockley, M. G., Unwin, D. M. & Wright, J. L. New pterosaur tracks (Pteraichnidae) from the Late Cretaceous Uhangri formation, southwestern Korea. Geol. Mag. 139, 421–435 (2002).
Witton, M. P. & Naish, D. Azhdarchid pterosaurs: water-trawling pelican mimics or “terrestrial stalkers”? Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 60, 651–660 (2013).
Witton, M. P. & Naish, D. A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology. PLoS ONE 3, e2271 (2008).
Humphries, S., Bonser, R. H., Witton, M. P. & Martill, D. M. Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method. PLoS Biol. 5, e204 (2007).
Pennycuick, C. J. Modelling the Flying Bird Vol. 5 (Elsevier, 2008).
Taylor, G. & Thomas, A. Evolutionary Biomechanics: Selection, Phylogeny, and Constraint (Oxford Univ. Press, 2014).
Witton, M. P. A new approach to determining pterosaur body mass and its implications for pterosaur flight. Zitteliana 28, 143–158 (2008).
Henderson, D. M. Pterosaur body mass estimates from three-dimensional mathematical slicing. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30, 768–785 (2010).
Benson, R. B. J., Frigot, R. A., Goswami, A., Andres, B. & Butler, R. J. Competition and constraint drove Cope’s rule in the evolution of giant flying reptiles. Nat. Commun. 5, 3567 (2014).
Witton, M. P. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy (Princeton Univ. Press, 2013).
Longrich, N. R., Martill, D. M. & Andres, B. Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS Biol. 16, e2001663 (2018).
Andres, B. & Myers, T. S. Lone star pterosaurs. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 103, 383–398 (2012).
Organ, C. L., Shedlock, A. M., Meade, A., Pagel, M. & Edwards, S. V. Origin of avian genome size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs. Nature 446, 180–184 (2007).
Bale, R., Hao, M., Bhalla, A. P. S. & Patankar, N. A. Energy efficiency and allometry of movement of swimming and flying animals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 7517–7521 (2014).
Alexander, R. M. Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1645–1652 (2005).
Unwin, D. M. The Pterosaurs from Deep Time (Pi, 2005).
Averianov, A. Reconstruction of the neck of Azhdarcho lancicollis and lifestyle of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae). Paleontol. J. 47, 203–209 (2013).
Bestwick, J., Unwin, D. M., Butler, R. J., Henderson, D. M. & Purnell, M. A. Pterosaur dietary hypotheses: a review of ideas and approaches. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 93, 2021–2048 (2018).
Schliep, K. P. phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27, 592–593 (2011).
Stadler, T. Sampling-through-time in birth-death trees. J. Theor. Biol. 267, 396–404 (2010).
Stadler, T., Kühnert, D., Bonhoeffer, S. & Drummond, A. J. Birth–death skyline plot reveals temporal changes of epidemic spread in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 228–233 (2013).
Bouckaert, R. et al. BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLOS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003537 (2014).
Drummond, A. J., Ho, S. Y. W., Phillips, M. J. & Rambaut, A. Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 4, e88 (2006).
Lewis, P. O. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst. Biol. 50, 913–925 (2001).
Yang, Z. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA sequences with variable rates over sites: approximate methods. J. Mol. Evol. 39, 306–314 (1994).
Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M. A. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67, 901–904 (2018).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2016).
Ward, C. V. Interpreting the posture and locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis: where do we stand? Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119, 185–215 (2002).
Pennycuick, C. J. Bird Flight Performance (Oxford Univ. Press, 1989).
Clarke, A. Dinosaur energetics: setting the bounds on feasible physiologies and ecologies. Am. Nat. 182, 283–297 (2013).
Pontzer, H., Allen, V. & Hutchinson, J. R. Biomechanics of running indicates endothermy in bipedal dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 4, e7783 (2009).
Pagel, M. Inferring evolutionary processes from phylogenies. Zool. Scr. 26, 331–348 (1997).
Freckleton, R. P., Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence. Am. Nat. 160, 712–726 (2002).
