Clarksville, TN – Austin Peay State University statistics instructor Sam Ligo for years has used his woodworking skills and engineering know-how to build mathematical models – real-world 3D representations of the math – to help his students learn.
And over the summer, he built his latest learning tool – a Galton Board.
Austin Peay State University’s Sam Ligo sits with some of the models he has created for his students. (APSU)
“I’ve always sought out the physical representation of the math as a learner, so I started thinking about these things, about how I can make the concept more physical for the students,” said Ligo, who has taught in Austin Peay State University’s Department of Mathematics and Statistics since he retired as an Army colonel in 2012.
“I think we all teach in the way we like to learn, and I like to learn by seeing and hearing and feeling the concepts,” Ligo stated.
The Galton Board – also known as a bean machine – helps to demonstrate how random samples of a population tend to fall in a normal distribution (creating a bell curve). The mathematical concept is called the central limit theorem. You can see a Galton Board in action here.
The Galton Board, however, is just the latest of the mathematical gadgets that Ligo has built for his students over the years.
Ligo is a math instructor for the Austin Peay State University Department of Mathematics and Statistics. (APSU)
“It’s where my teaching and my profession come together, so as an engineer, it’s all about the application of the math,” he said. “The answer to that in my mind is, ‘Let’s make a three-dimensional model.’”
During Ligo’s 26-year Army career, he was a U.S. Military Academy at West Point-trained engineer. He also led the ROTC program at APSU for four years as the professor of military science and taught statistics – similar to courses he now teaches at APSU – at West Point for more than three years.
He teaches non-mathematics majors at Austin Peay State University, and the models help his students grasp the concepts. Colleagues in the department also borrow the models for their classes.
“All of these models came as I taught one semester to the next and saw the points where the students really struggled with the abstractness of the concepts,” Ligo said.
Teaching during a pandemic
Ligo has 191 students in four classes this semester, and only about 50 of those are attending his lectures in person. A typical class has 12 students in the classroom and 30-40 watching via Zoom, he said.
He devoted much of his summer to making his fall classes as normal as possible, even if most the students had to watch his lectures online.
Ligo built this model to teach linear regression. (APSU)
“There was the thought process of how much am I going to try to replicate normalcy versus how much am I going to go to be an online instructor,” Ligo said. “I decided to stay as close to normal as possible and yet still do everything possible to give the students in the classroom and out of the classroom pretty much the same experience.”
As the math models show, Ligo’s teaching style revolves around his working through problems by hand. He relies little on slides and spends most of his lectures working problems on a whiteboard or on paper under a camera, both broadcast over Zoom.
“I hope that the experience isn’t much different (than before the pandemic), because there’s the problem statement and there’s my hand and my voice working the problem statement,” he said.
He credits the department’s teaching assistants who help him monitor the class experience and questions – in-person and online – for making the fall classes a success.
“I’m blessed that I have those teaching assistants. I have one for each of my four sections that do that job for me, which is key for this whole thing to work.”
Bringing tools to the classroom
The first model that Ligo created to demonstrate a mathematical principle was a board that uses thumb tacks and rubber bands to show linear regression. Linear regression is a way to show the relationship between two or more variables.
“These rubber bands are fighting each other and stretching each other until you get this equilibrium,” he said as he moved the tacks around the board, showing how the rubber bands stretch between the points. “And that is exactly what the math is doing when you conduct a linear regression, the math at this point is struggling against that one, and there is the equilibrium.”
Ligo’s Galton Board. (APSU)
Ligo has built other teaching tools during his time as a teacher, including during his time in the Army when he used models to help teach aspiring soldiers how to navigate with maps. He has also built such tools as catapults, an Egyptian chain (used to measure right-angle triangles) and a marble board to show skew distribution.
The Galton Board idea came to Ligo in spring 2019.
“I’ve always been intrigued by these,” he said.
During AP Day (an event for prospective students to visit Austin Peay State University) that spring, he and his colleagues noticed prospective students were drawn to the flashier demos at other departmental tables.
“Physics has all their cool stuff, and health and human sciences has their skeletons,” he said. “Everybody has something that they can literally bring to the table except math. One of the things we came up with was making a big and noisy Galton Board. It was conceived on AP Day, and then it had to cook for a long time before I could come up with a design that I could build that wasn’t terribly technical or too terribly fancy that I could build given the tools that I have in my garage.”
To learn more
For more about the APSU Department of Mathematics and Statistics visit https://apsu.edu/mathematics.
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APSU, APSU Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Clarksville TN, Math, ROTC, Sam Ligo, U.S. Military Academy, West Point NY
